第二十三章 指尖如酒

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        reflectivepaper

        ◆theoryxandtheoryy

        in1960，，，onthecontrary，

        ，

        inmyopinion，theschoolwhichadoptstheoryxmaybecomemoreandmorerigid，butitcanalsorunsmoothly，，，

        ，thenewteacherscanalsobeintimidated，orconfused，ascribingvariousfactors，suchasschoolmanagementsystem’sintegrity，andtheteacher’

        ◆mutualpurpose

        ，，(2004)

        ，theirpersonalinterestmayconflictwiththeorganization’，

        withaspecificandpracticalpurpose，inductioncanbemoreeffective，reallyservesforlearning，

        ◆classicalorganizationaltheory

        itisthecontraryoftaylor’，insteadoftheindividualworker，，，

        ◆organizationalculture

        thistermcangobackto193-s

        ◆basicassumptions

        basicassumptionsareaboutpeople’snature，thenatureofhumanrelationships，thenatureofhumanactivity，:freedom-determinism，rationality-irrationality，holism-elemetalism，constitutionalism-environmentalism，subjectivity-objectivity，proactivity-reactivity，homeostasis-heterostasis，andknowability-

        theprinciplecanusethetheoryofbasicassumptionstounderstandtheemployees，，theymayoptimisticandwillingtocontribute，，

        ◆intelligence

        in1904，’，，，thestudentswhoareespeciallygiftedwithhighiqmayfindtheregularcurriculumtooeasy，，-

        later，onthebasisofiq，’

        ◆humancapital

        ，becausehumanbeingsarechangeable，，usingsomespecificpsychologicalprinciplesconcerninghumanresources，canfacilitatetheprincipletotrain，motivate，

        employmentcanbedifficult，，butalsopromoteaschool’

        ◆learningorganization

        stayingcompetitiveintoday’，evenpredict，:anorganization，

        inalearningorganization，-of-artknowledge，，

        ◆contingencyview

        thecontingencyviewholdsthatthereisnoonebestwayofmanagingunderallconditions，-contingentfactorsthataffectaleader＇

        theleaders，whocanactuallyexertcontroloverthestaff，excellentlygettaskinvolved，eptedbythesubordinates，，maygivedifferentinductionstodifferentnewteachers，

        ◆likert’sfoursystems

        system1:exploitive-authoritative(orpunitive-authoritarian)，theleaderhasalowconcernforpeopleandusessuchmethodsasthreatsandotherfear-;system2:benevolent-authoritative(orpaternalistic-authoritarian)，theresponsibilityliesatthemanageriallevelsbutnotatthelowerlevelsoftheorganizationalhierarchy;system3:consultativesystem，thesuperiorhassubstantialbutnotcomplete，trustandconfidenceinhissubordinates;4:theparticipative(orgroupinteractive)modelofanorganizationalsystem，superiorshavecompleteconfidenceintheirsubordinates，

        lowerthenumber，，

        theleaderinexploitive-authoritativeconcernlittleforpeople，andpreferstousefear-，itcanalsostiflepeople’screativity，，essfulschools’leadersshouldpreferparticipativestyle，

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